Rwanda Accuses Top French Officials
in 1994 Genocide
interview
www.democracynow.org/, August
7, 2008
In a detailed report, the Rwandan
government is accusing France of being complicit in the "preparation
and execution" of the 1994 genocide that killed some 800,000
people. The report released by the Rwandan Ministry of Justice
Tuesday accuses top French officials, including former prime minister
Dominique de Villepin and the late former president Francois Mitterrand,
of playing a major role in the genocide. We speak with investigative
journalist Linda Melvern, author of two books on Rwanda. Melvern
testified in July 2007 before the Rwanda commission investigating
France's role in the genocide.
Guest:
Linda Melvern, investigative journalist
and author. She testified in July 2007 before the Rwanda commission
investigating France's role in the genocide. She is the author
of two books on Rwanda: A People Betrayed: The Role of the West
in Rwanda's Genocide and Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide.
She joins us on the line from Britain.
ANJALI KAMAT: France has dismissed as
an "unacceptable falsification" a Rwandan report accusing
it of being complicit in the "preparation and execution"
of the 1994 genocide that killed some 800,000 people. The report
released by the Rwandan Ministry of Justice Tuesday accuses thirty-three
French politicians, officials and soldiers, including former prime
minister Dominique de Villepin and the late former president Francois
Mitterrand, of playing major roles in the genocide.
A spokesman for the French Foreign Ministry,
Romain Nadal, called the report biased. He said it "contains
unacceptable accusations against French politicians and military
officials."
Rwanda has long accused France of training
Hutu militias and providing diplomatic cover for their crimes.
This detailed 500-page report is the product of a two-year inquiry
by an independent Rwandan commission.
Rwanda's Minister of Justice Tharcisse
Karugarama issued the report and said his country would try to
press charges in an international body.
THARCISSE KARUGARAMA: This should be clear
that this report is not just going to lie down, put into some
store somewhere. It's a report that's going to be used. It's a
report that is going to help in bringing to justice, or in making
attempts, very serious attempts, to bring to justice, people that
were involved in committing genocide in this country.
ANJALI KAMAT: Rwanda cut diplomatic ties
with France two years ago, soon after a French judge accused Rwandan
President Paul Kagame of provoking the genocide by conspiring
to assassinate former president Juvenal Habyarimana in 1994.
Linda Melvern is an investigative journalist
and author. She testified in July 2007 before the Rwanda commission
investigating France's role in the genocide. She is the author
of two books on Rwanda: A People Betrayed: The Role of the West
in Rwanda's Genocide and Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide.
She joins us now on the line from Britain.
Welcome to Democracy Now!, Linda Melvern.
LINDA MELVERN: Thank you very much. Thank
you.
ANJALI KAMAT: Can you lay out what the
report says? What are the main accusations against France?
LINDA MELVERN: I think, perhaps, the training
of the Interahamwe militia. I think this is-this is very detailed
evidence from witnesses. And, of course, one must bear in mind
that some of these witnesses have been convicted of genocide;
they're former Interahamwe leaders and perpetrators of genocide.
But they claim that they were trained by French military officers
in Rwandan military camps.
The primary means of killing at speed
in this genocide was the mobilization of Rwanda's unemployed youth
into a militia called the Interahamwe, an estimated 30,000 young
men taken from the streets and trained to kill at speed with agricultural
tools and indoctrinated with a racist anti-Tutsi ideology. Now,
these former Interahamwe leaders say that they were in part trained
by French military officers.
AMY GOODMAN: Can you name names? Can you
talk about the French leaders, past and present, who they have
pointed the finger at, who they are saying are responsible?
LINDA MELVERN: Well, this pointing the
finger at individual political figures in France is problematic.
The French policy towards Rwanda had been largely decided by Francois
Mitterrand, the French president, in his second term. And it is
worth remembering that the France's own inquiry into this in 1998
determined that Francois Mitterrand had been in overall control
of the policy and that it had been completely unaccountable-and
I think that this is one of the most important points of all-that
this policy had been completely unaccountable to either Parliament
or the French press and that French politicians had not been adequately
informed. And the Senate recommended better control by Parliament
over military operations.
And I think that this is the aspect which
makes it so difficult to know who made the decisions in-you know,
whether it's the Ministry of Cooperation, whether it's the Ministry
of Defense or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It does seem that
overall control rested with Francois Mitterrand and through a
network that was traditional in France, when it came to French
Africa policy, through a network of military officers, politicians,
diplomats, senior intelligence operatives, and I must say French
mercenaries were involved, as well.
AMY GOODMAN: French Defense Minister Hervé
Morin rejected as intolerable allegations that Rwanda said the
French military played an active role in the '94 genocide. Also
named was Alain Juppé. Can you talk about his significance?
LINDA MELVERN: Alain Juppé, as
foreign minister, would have been involved, particularly, I think,
not in the policy towards Rwanda, but the policy as enunciated
by France in the Security Council of the UN. And it was on this
aspect that I gave testimony to the Rwandan commission. I had
written a book about the UN, a fifty-year history, and I was in
New York in April 1994 filming the book for a series for BBC,
for Channel 4 Television, called UN Blues. And so, I was outside
the Security Council in April 1994.
French policy at that time was to insist
that what was happening in Rwanda was a civil war and that what
was needed in Rwanda was a ceasefire. In the first three weeks,
four weeks of genocide, it is extraordinarily surprising that
there was hardly any discussion at all about the genocide that
was by then under way. It started on April the 7th. The entire
focus of Security Council discussion, as insisted upon by the
French, was to discuss civil war and the necessity of a ceasefire.
At the time, there were French officers
embedded in the elite army units in Rwanda who would have known,
I am sure, what was happening. It had happened before. Genocide
had been part of political life in Rwanda ever since 1959. So,
to deny knowledge of it-and it's not only France in this-is particularly
serious, because the decision making by the Security Council at
this stage determined what happened. The force commander of the
UN and his estimate that 5,000 troops could have prevented the
spread of genocide was not discussed by the Security Council because
of the insistence that a ceasefire take place in a civil war.
ANJALI KAMAT: And, Linda Melvern, why,
in your analysis, was France propping up the Hutu militias?
LINDA MELVERN: I'm sorry. Would you repeat
the question?
ANJALI KAMAT: Why, in your analysis, do
you think that the French officials and the French government
was supporting Hutu militias in Rwanda?
LINDA MELVERN: France, from the beginning,
from the very beginning, when military links were forged in the
early '60s, France had favored the Hutu cause. The fact that there
was an apartheid regime in Rwanda with discrimination against
the minority Tutsi was seemingly ignored. The French believed
that because Rwanda was ruled by the majority people, the Hutu,
then it was a democracy. President Juvénal Habyarimana
had been overwhelmingly elected, 96 percent, in this strictly
controlled country. The fact that the minority Tutsi were discriminated
against, as I said, was ignored.
In 1990, by that time, there were up to
one million Rwandan refugees in neighboring states, refugees who
had fled the country during murderous anti-Tutsi campaigns, during
which time thousands of people had been killed. In order to force
a return home for these refugees, a rebel army was created. This
was Africa's largest refugee problem. And the rebel army that
was created, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, invaded Rwanda from
neighboring Uganda in October 1990. The French saw this as aggression
by an Anglophone country, Uganda, against a Francophone country,
Rwanda. They did not see the RPF fighting for stateless refugees.
They saw the RPF as part of a plot by Yoweri Museveni in Uganda
to take over a part of Francophone Africa, and for that reason
they supported the Habyarimana regime.
For the three years of civil war, without
French military help, then the dictatorship would have fallen.
It was French military help that kept Habyarimana in power. And
he was, by all accounts, although this is very difficult to prove,
he was friendly with Habyarimana. These two men, Mitterrand and
Habyarimana, were friends. They spent time together. Their children
spent time together. Habyarimana had a flat in Paris. So it was
a very close relationship, apparently.
The fear-and this comes through in documents
that have been released from the Mitterrand archives-certainly
Mitterrand feared that what he called a Tutsiland was going to
be created. And once Rwanda was lost to Anglophone influence,
then French credibility on the African continent would suffer
a blow, he believed, from which it would never recover.
AMY GOODMAN: We're talking to Linda Melvern,
an investigative journalist who's written two books on Rwanda.
Kenneth Roth, the head of Human Rights Watch, said the timing
of this report is no coincidence, coming as international pressure
is mounting for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
to move its attention to atrocities committed by Kagame's Rwanda
Patriotic Front-Kagame, of course, the president of Rwanda. In
the aftermath of the genocide, estimated 30,000 Hutus are believed
to have been murdered then. Do you think this is playing a role?
LINDA MELVERN: I do not see the release
of this report as a sort of tit-for-tat, as part of a diplomatic
spat. It's far too serious for that. This is a European army being
accused of human rights abuses in Africa, and I think that it
needs careful consideration by international human rights groups.
And, yes, I do know, obviously, of the claims made by the French
judge that President Kagame in fact was responsible for triggering
the genocide. I've read that report. But it's not part-this is
not part, as far as I can see, of the same story.
What is needed here is the release of
a lot of information. We need to investigate, to dig deeper and
find out what happened. We don't know who, in fact, assassinated
Habyarimana on April the 6th. It's incredible that two African
presidents were assassinated that night over the skies of Kigali,
and there's been no international inquiry. If you can imagine,
two European presidents being assassinated, there would have been
an immediate inquiry. The Security Council promised on April the
7th there would be an inquiry into the assassination. Lieutenant
General Dallaire promised the people of Rwanda in the first days
that there would be an inquiry. And there has not been. And I
think that there are Western governments, particularly France,
possibly the US, and certainly Belgium, that have information
about this assassination and this missile attack on the plane,
and yet are not releasing it. The Rwandan report is separate from
that. Each part of this needs careful investigation-each part-whether
it's Operation Turquoise, whether it's alleged RPF human rights
abuses, whether it's the assassination of Habyarimana. We know
so little.
ANJALI KAMAT: Finally, Linda Melvern,
what do you expect will happen next? What is the Rwandan government
going to do with this report? And what does this bode for the
future of French troops in Africa and French-Rwandan relations?
LINDA MELVERN: Well, I think that French-Rwandan
relations can only worsen at this time. The timing is interesting.
It's August. You know, most of the French government-most French
people are on holiday, you know, the tradition in France to take
August off. So we haven't yet had a coordinated response from
the French government. And as I say, this is a report of 500 pages.
It's very dense. It has a lot of detail. It has times and dates
and places. And I think it will take time for there to be an adequate
response at all to it.
I'm an investigative journalist. I cannot
predict the future, and I have no idea where, legally or internationally,
this report can go. All I can say is that I find the accusations,
particularly during Operation Turquoise, to be so serious that
I cannot believe that there isn't an international human rights
organization that would not want to very carefully look at them.
AMY GOODMAN: Linda Melvern, I want to
thank you for being with us, investigative journalist-her two
books are called, well, the first, A People Betrayed: The Role
of the West in Rwanda's Genocide, and Conspiracy to Murder: The
Rwandan Genocide-speaking on the phone to us from Britain.
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