Bhopal's Legacy
by Mark Hertsgaard
The Nation magazine, May
24, 2004
Every December for the past nineteen years,
marchers in Bhopal, India, have paraded an effigy of Warren Anderson
through town and burned it. Anderson is despised because he was
the CEO of Union Carbide on December 3, 1984, when an explosion
at the company's Bhopal factory leaked deadly methyl isocyanate
gas over the city's shantytowns in the worst industrial disaster
in history. The exact death toll will never be known- many corpses
were disposed of in emergency mass burials or cremations without
adequate documentation-but the Indian government now puts the
total at more than 22,000 and climbing.
As the disaster's twentieth anniversary
approaches, Bhopal is back in the news. On April 19 two advocates
for the survivors won the most prestigious environmental award
given in the United States. In her acceptance speech at the annual
Goldman Environmental Prize ceremony in San Francisco, Rashida
Bee confessed that she and colleague Champa Devi Shukla initially
assumed they had been selected by mistake. "We knew a few
individuals who had won awards," she explained, "[but]
they were all educated people, spoke English and had e-mail accounts."
One a Muslim and the other a Hindu, Bee
and Shukla are leading the fight to hold Union Carbide and its
new owner, Dow Chemical, accountable for the Bhopal disaster,
which the two women assert is still killing and injuring thousands
of people a year through poisoned groundwater. "The gas disaster
was sudden, one night, but the last twenty years have also been
miserable," Shukla said in an interview. "People still
have pain and breathlessness, and now we are seeing cancers, too.
There is mental and physical retardation among children. Many
women are sterile or never begin menstruating, so men don't want
to marry them." A 1999 study commissioned by Greenpeace International
but conducted by independent scientists concluded that Bhopal's
groundwater contains heavy metals, volatile chemicals and levels
of mercury millions of times higher than is considered safe.
Neither Union Carbide nor Dow has ever
faced trial for Bhopal-inconceivable, activists charge, had the
disaster occurred in the United States or Europe. Union Carbide
instead reached a $470 million settlement with the Indian government
in 1989, based on now-discredited estimates that only 3,000 people
died and only 100,000 were "affected." Upon review of
the settlement, an Indian court reinstated criminal charges against
Union Carbide and Warren Anderson in 1991. When neither the corporation
nor Anderson showed up for trial, they were declared fugitives
from justice. The Indian government is now seeking their extradition,
but Washington has not honored the request. Meanwhile, Dow, which
purchased all outstanding shares of Union Carbide in 1999, refuses
to accept the company's alleged Bhopal liabilities. "Dow
remains firm in its position that in acquiring the shares of Union
Carbide it acquired no new liability," John Musser, a Dow
spokesman, wrote in an e-mail interview.
So Bee and Shukla are touring the United
States, using the prestige of the Goldman prize to press their
case. On May 13 they'll confront Dow officials at a shareholders
meeting in Midland, Michigan. They demand that Union Carbide/Dow
appear at trial in India, pay for survivors' healthcare and economic
rehabilitation and help restore Bhopal's environment. They reject
the suggestion that the $470 million settlement discharged the
company's obligations. "Union Carbide made that settlement
with the government, not with the people affected," says
Rashida Bee. "Not a single victim was consulted."
Battling the world's biggest chemical
corporation is a far cry from the humble beginnings of the two
activists. Bee was illiterate and knew nothing of the outside
world when, at age 28, she experienced the disaster. It killed
seven members of her extended family and left her husband too
ill to continue his work as a tailor. Shukla lost her husband
and two sons. A daughter later suffered three miscarriages, a
grandson died and a granddaughter was born with a cleft lip and
a missing palate.
Bee and Shukla consistently refer to what
happened in Bhopal as a crime rather than an accident. "It
was Warren Anderson's criminal negligence and insistence on cost-cutting
that caused this disaster," says Bee. Internal Union Carbide
documents, released in 2002 during the discovery phase of a civil
lawsuit against the company, seem to support her contention. A
1973 document, signed by Anderson himself, notes that the technology
to be used in the Bhopal factory was "unproven." A safety
review conducted by Union Carbide experts in 1982 warned of a
"serious potential for sizable releases of toxic materials"
at the factory.
Dow spokesman John Musser confirmed the
existence of the 1982 study but asserted, "None of the issues
[it] raised would have had an impact on the fatal gas leak and
all of the issues had been addressed by the plant well before
the December 1984 disaster." The real culprit, the company
insists, was sabotage. Musser further notes that it was the Indian
government that declared itself the sole representative of Bhopal's
victims before the 1989 settlement. Nor are allegations of groundwater
contamination true, he said, citing studies in the late 1990s
by local and federal government agencies in India.
"They have their studies, we have
ours, so let's go to court and let a judge decide who's right,"
said Gary Cohen, director of the Environmental Health Fund in
Boston. Cohen has little hope that the Bush Administration will
extradite Anderson or current Union Carbide/Dow officials. But,
he says, "Dow wants to expand in India, and we're going to
make that very difficult" by raising questions about the
trustworthiness of a corporation that refuses to heed a court
summons. Nityanand Jayaraman of the International Campaign for
Justice in Bhopal says activists plan to press the Indian government
to include Dow, not just Union Carbide, in the current criminal
case; the government could then attach Dow's assets if it refuses
to appear in court.
For their part, Rashida Bee and Champa
Devi Shukla hope to pursue justice face-to-face by tracking down
Warren Anderson during their US tour. Shukla says that "if
we see him, we will ask, If you are innocent, why are you hiding
and not answering questions about what happened in Bhopal?"
Mark Hertsgaard, Nation environment correspondent,
is the author most recently of Earth Odyssey: Around the World
in Search of Our Environmental Future and The Eagle's Shadow:
Why America Fascinates and Infuriates the World
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