Israeli Settlements
A human rights perspective
by Yehezbel Lein
[Yehezbel Lein is a researcher at B'Tselem: The
Israeli Information Center
for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, and author of B'Tselem's
report entitled Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West
Bank. ylein@6tselem.org]
In Israel and in the forum of international public opinion,
the issue of Jewish settlements in the West Bank is almost exclusively
perceived as an abstract political concern. The dismantling of
settlements is seen only within the framework of "concessions"
Israel may be required to make in order to reach a final status
agreement with the Palestinian Authority. This approach ignores
the ongoing infringement of Palestinian human rights that stems
from the establishment of the settlements, their dispersion throughout
the West Bank, and their nature as Israeli enclaves that are separated
from and closed-off to the Palestinian population.
The built-up areas of the settlements constitute less than
2 percent of the land in the West Bank (1.7 percent). However,
the non built-up areas within the municipal boundaries of the
settlements are three times as large (5.1 percent) most of which
is already planned for construction. In addition, the settlements
control another 35 percent of the land in the West Bank, which
is under the jurisdiction of six Jewish regional councils (i.e.,
local government entities that provide services for their member
settlements). This 35 percent is not yet planned for construction,
but constitutes land reserves for the future expansion of the
settlements.
Altogether, since Israel's occupation of the West Bank in
1967, successive Israeli governments have expropriated over 40
percent of the land and transferred it to the control of the settlements.
B'Tselem has prepared a map detailing these built-up areas and
the land reserved for future development of settlements in the
West Bank.
Yet, it is not merely the extensive size of the area controlled
by Israeli settlements, but also the specific location of settlements
that has resulted in a myriad of human rights violations. A close
look at several areas of the West Bank will provide insight into
the nature and extent of these violations. With the exception
of the Jericho enclave, the entire strip of land along the Jordanian
border, including the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea coast, was
declared the jurisdictional area of two Jewish regional councils
(Arvot Hayarden and Megillot). The fewer than five thousand settlers
that live in the Jordan Valley consume a huge portion of the West
Bank's water resources for agricultural purposes-equivalent to
75 percent of the consumption of the entire Palestinian population
in the West Bank for domestic and urban use. The denial of land
and water resources prevents any possibility for the development
of Palestinian agriculture. The settlements' control of the Dead
Sea coast also prevents the Palestinians from realizing any of
the highly valuable economic opportunities in the fields of industry
and tourism.
The settlements established on the mountain ridge that runs
down the middle of the West Bank, in which some thirty-four thousand
settlers reside, have serious implications for the dense Palestinian
population living in the area. Most of these settlements were
built alongside or adjacent to Road No. 60, which is the main
artery connecting the six largest Palestinian cities in the West
Bank. The location of these settlements was not accidental, but
rather was explicitly intended to prevent the expansion of Palestinian
construction toward the road and the connection of Palestinian
communities located on opposite sides of it. The presence of Israeli
citizens along densely populated, and sometimes hostile, Palestinian
areas has led to a significant military presence in order to protect
these citizens. During periods of increased violence against settlers,
Israel has responded by imposing harsh restrictions on the freedom
of movement of the Palestinian population along this key artery.
These restrictions disrupt almost every aspect of everyday life
for some two million Palestinians and severely infringe on their
right to health, employment, family life and education.
The connection between the presence of settlers and restrictions
on freedom of movement is even more apparent in places where Road
No. 60 passes within the built-up area of Palestinian communities,
such as in the towns of Hawara and Silat Ad-Dhaher (south and
northwest of Nablus respectively). Since the beginning of the
al-Aqsa Intifada, the IDF has frequently imposed prolonged curfews
on these towns in order to ensure the freedom of movement of the
settlers living in the adjacent settlements.
In the mountain ridge area, settlements block the urban development
of the main Palestinian cities. For example, the urban area of
Nablus, which includes approximately 158,000 inhabitants in eight
villages and two refugee camps contiguous with the city, is surrounded
on almost all sides by settlements. The settlements of Brakha
and Yitzhar lie to the south of the city, the settlements of Kedumim
and Shave Shomron to the west, to the east are the settlements
of Elon Moreh and Itamar adjacent to the refugee camps of Askar
and Balata, and a military base is located to the north, thus
blocking the area's development in all directions.
The strategic location of settlements in different portions
of the West Bank also prevents the creation of significant areas
with Palestinian territorial contiguity. The most blatant example
of this phenomenon is in the western strip adjacent to the Green
Line, where dozens of settlements (e.g. Alfe Menashe, Karnei Shomron,
and Modi'in Illit) were established following high demand among
Israelis for cheap housing solutions, with easy access to the
Tel Aviv metropolitan area. Due to the presence of these settlements
in this area, Israel retained full control of most areas surrounding
Palestinian towns and villages following the transfer of powers
to the Palestinian Authority under the Oslo Accords. This resulted
in the creation of over fifty enclaves of Palestinian autonomous
areas (Areas A and B) surrounded by Israeli controlled territory
(Area C).
One of the main ramifications of this lack of continuity is
that, although powers in the field of planning and construction
in Areas A and B were ostensibly transferred to the Palestinian
Authority, Israel continues to restrict Palestinian construction
in the non-built-up areas belonging to these Palestinian communities
and their residents. This geographic reality impedes the possibility
of creating an independent and viable Palestinian state, and thus
constitutes an infringement on the Palestinians' right to self-determination.
The settlements established in the Jerusalem metropolis (an
area that extends far beyond Jerusalem's municipal boundary) have
implications both for Palestinian freedom of movement and the
right to self-determination. The municipal area of the Ma'ale
Adummim settlement-which is the largest off all the Israeli settlements-together
with that of three small settlements to the north of it, create
a contiguous bloc in the center of the West Bank that extends
over some 17,500 acres, from the eastern boundary of Jerusalem
to the western outskirts of Jericho. This area is almost fifteen
times larger than the current built-up area of these settlements.
This settlement bloc bisects the West Bank. If Ma'ale Adummim
is expanded towards the western side of its municipal area as
is planned, it will block the main road for Palestinians traveling
from Bethlehem to Ramallah (the Wadi An-Nar road). This road is
the only remaining route between these cities since Palestinians
were prohibited from entering East Jerusalem without a permit
in 1993. This development would imply a further severing of the
Occupied Territories into four territorial entities: the Gaza
Strip, East Jerusalem, the southern portion of the West Bank and
the northern portion of the West Bank. Similarly, the presence
of the settlement of Ariel obliges Israel to control a long corridor
leading to the settlement (the Trans-Samaria Highway). This corridor
extends from the Green Line almost to Road No. 60, severing the
contiguity of Palestinian territory in the north of the West Bank,
which is a densely populated area.
The peace process between Israel and the Palestinians that
took place during the 1990s completely failed to address the issue
of settlements. As this process unfolded, settlements continued
to rapidly expand; not a single settlement was dismantled. In
addition to this physical expansion, the population of the settlements
grew as well. While the population of the settlements in the West
Bank (including settlements in East Jerusalem) totaled some 247,000
at the end of 1993 (when the Declaration of Principles was signed),
by the end of 2001 this figure had risen to 380,000. The failure
of the peace process and the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada
in September 2000 are complex phenomena that resulted from many
factors. Israeli settlements were undoubtedly a primary contributing
element. In fact, an understanding of the growth and expansion
of the settlements and their implications for the human rights
of Palestinians is essential for understanding virtually everything
taking place today in the West Bank, and must be taken into account
in all future attempts to advance peace in the region.
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